Gate teleportation

“Entanglement-assisted communication becomes entanglement-assisted computation” — Furusawa [1]

In the quantum state teleportation algorithm, the quantum state is transferred from the sender to the receiver exactly. However, quantum teleportation can be used in a much more powerful manner, by simultaneously processing and manipulating the teleported state; this is known as gate teleportation.

But the biggest departure from its namesake is the method in which the gate to be ‘teleported’ is applied; rather than applying a quantum unitary directly to the first qumode in the system, the unitary is applied via the projective measurement of the first qumode onto a particular basis. This measurement-based approach provides significant advantages over applying unitary gates directly, for example by reducing resources, and in the application of experimentally hard-to-implement gates [1]. In fact, gate teleportation forms a universal quantum computing primitive, and is a precursor to cluster state models of quantum computation [2][3].

Implementation

First described by Gottesman and Chuang [2] in the case of qubits, gate teleportation was generalized for the CV case by Bartlett and Munro in 2003 [4]. In an analogous process to the discrete-variable case, you begin with the algorithm for local state teleportation:

../_images/gate_teleport1.svg


Note that:

  • Unlike the spatially-separated quantum state teleportation we considered in the previous section, local teleportation can transport the state using only two qumodes; the state we are teleporting is entangled directly with the squeezed vacuum state in the momentum space through the use of a controlled-phase gate.

  • The state is then teleported to qumode \(q_1\) via a homodyne measurement in the computational basis (the position quadrature).

  • Like in the previous section, to recover the teleported state exactly, we must perform Weyl-Heisenberg corrections to \(q_1\); here, that would be \(F^\dagger X(m)^\dagger\). However, for convenience and simplicity, we write the circuit without the corrections applied explicitly.

Rather than simply teleporting the state as-is, we can introduce an arbitrary unitary \(U\) that acts upon \(\ket{\psi}\), as follows:

../_images/gate_teleport2.svg


Now, the action of the unitary \(U\) is similarly teleported along with the initial state — this is a trivial extension of the local teleportation circuit. In order to view this in as a measurement-based universal quantum computing primitive, we make a couple of important changes:

  • The inverse Fourier gate is absorbed into the measurement, making it a homodyne detector in the momentum quadrature

  • The unitary gate \(U\), if diagonal in the computational basis (i.e., it is of the form \(U=e^{i f(\hat{x}^i)}\)), commutes with the controlled-phase gate (\(CZ(s)=e^{i s ~\hat{x_1}\otimes\hat{x_2}/\hbar}\)), and can be moved to the right of it. It is then also absorbed into the projective measurement.

../_images/gate_teleport3.svg


Additional gates can now be added simply by introducing additional qumodes with the appropriate projective measurements, all ‘stacked vertically’ (i.e., coupled to the each consecutive qumode via a controlled-phase gate). From this primitive, the model of cluster state quantum computation can be derived [3].

Note

What happens if the unitary is not diagonal in the computational basis? In this case, feedforward is required; additional qumodes and projective measurements are introduced, with successive measurements dependent on the previous result [5].

Code

Consider the following gate teleportation circuit,

../_images/gate_teleport_ex.svg


Here, the state \(\ket{\psi}\), a squeezed state with \(r=0.1\), is teleported to the final qumode, with the quadratic phase gate (Pgate) \(P(s)=e^{is\hat{x}^2/2\hbar}\) teleported to act on it - with the quadratic phase gate chosen as it is diagonal in the \(\x\) quadrature. This can be easily implemented using Strawberry Fields:

import numpy as np

# set the random seed
np.random.seed(42)

import strawberryfields as sf
from strawberryfields.ops import *

gate_teleportation = sf.Program(3)

with gate_teleportation.context as q:
    # create initial states
    Squeezed(0.1) | q[0]
    Squeezed(-2)  | q[1]
    Squeezed(-2)  | q[2]

    # apply the gate to be teleported
    Pgate(0.5) | q[1]

    # conditional phase entanglement
    CZgate(1) | (q[0], q[1])
    CZgate(1) | (q[1], q[2])

    # projective measurement onto
    # the position quadrature
    Fourier.H | q[0]
    MeasureX  | q[0]
    Fourier.H | q[1]
    MeasureX  | q[1]

Some important notes:

  • As with the state teleportation circuit, perfectly squeezed vacuum states are not physically realizable; preparing the states with a squeezing factor of \(|r|=2\) (\(\sim 18\text{dB}\)) is a reasonable approximation.

  • The Blackbird notation Operator.H denotes the Hermitian conjugate of the corresponding operator.

  • Here, we do not make the corrections to the final state; this is left as an exercise to the reader. For additional details, see the gate teleportation commutation relations derived by van Loock [5].

Since all operations in the above gate teleportation circuit are Gaussian, we can use the "gaussian" backend:

eng = sf.Engine(backend="gaussian")

Running the engine, and printing out the reduced state of modes 2 and 3:

results = eng.run(gate_teleportation)
_, cov = results.state.reduced_gaussian([2])
print("Covariance matrix:\n", cov)

Out:

Covariance matrix:
 [[ 1.11257261 -0.5851662 ]
 [-0.5851662   1.20659044]]

We can also extract the measurement results of modes 0 and 1:

m0, m1 = results.samples[0]
print(m0, m1)

Out:

-1.0330069405382953 10.86483685522621

To easily check that the output of the circuit is as expected, we can make sure that it agrees with the (uncorrected) state

\[X({q_1})FP(0.5)X(q_0)F \ket{z}.\]
check = sf.Program(1)

with check.context as q:
    # compare against the expected output
    # X(q1/sqrt(2)).F.P(0.5).X(q0/sqrt(0.5)).F.|z>
    # not including the corrections
    Squeezed(0.1) | q[0]
    Fourier       | q[0]
    Xgate(m0)     | q[0]
    Pgate(0.5)    | q[0]
    Fourier       | q[0]
    Xgate(m1)     | q[0]

eng = sf.Engine(backend="gaussian")
results = eng.run(check)
expected_cov = results.state.cov()

print("Expected covariance matrix:\n", expected_cov)

Out:

Expected covariance matrix:
 [[ 1.12408144 -0.61070138]
 [-0.61070138  1.22140276]]

These two states should be identical:

print(np.allclose(cov, expected_cov, atol=0.05, rtol=0))

Out:

True

References

1(1,2)

A. Furusawa and P. van Loock. Quantum Teleportation and Entanglement: A Hybrid Approach to Optical Quantum Information Processing. Wiley, 2011. ISBN 9783527635290. URL: https://books.google.ca/books?id=eKxHZ0UHEU4C.

2(1,2)

D. Gottesman and I. L. Chuang. Demonstrating the viability of universal quantum computation using teleportation and single-qubit operations. Nature, 402:390–393, Nov 1999. arXiv:quant-ph/9908010, doi:10.1038/46503.

3(1,2)

Mile Gu, Christian Weedbrook, Nicolas C. Menicucci, Timothy C. Ralph, and Peter van Loock. Quantum computing with continuous-variable clusters. Physical Review A, 79:062318, Jun 2009. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.79.062318.

4

Stephen D. Bartlett and William J. Munro. Quantum teleportation of optical quantum gates. Physical Review Letters, 90:117901, Mar 2003. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.90.117901.

5(1,2)

Peter van Loock. Examples of gaussian cluster computation. Journal of the Optical Society of America B, 24(2):340–346, Feb 2007. doi:10.1364/JOSAB.24.000340.

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